The Waterfall Model is a traditional project management approach where work progresses through a linear, sequential series of phases. Each phase must be completed before the next one begins, and the output of one stage becomes the input for the next—similar to water flowing down a waterfall.
Typically, the process includes requirements gathering, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. In the requirements phase, the project team works with stakeholders to clearly define all project goals, deliverables, timelines, and constraints. Once these requirements are finalized, the design phase outlines how the system or product will be structured and built.
During implementation, developers or project teams create the product according to the design specifications. After development, the project moves into testing, where defects or issues are identified and corrected. Once testing is complete, the product is deployed or delivered to users. The final phase, maintenance, involves updates, bug fixes, and ongoing support.
The Waterfall approach works best for projects with stable, well-defined requirements and limited expected changes, such as construction or manufacturing projects. Its main advantages include clear documentation, predictable timelines, and structured planning. However, a major limitation is its lack of flexibility, since changes introduced late in the process can be difficult and costly to implement.
Overall, the Waterfall methodology emphasizes thorough planning and disciplined execution across clearly defined project stages.